Mauritania Overview: Economy, Life, Safety, Tourism (2025)

Mauritania is placed in Northwest Africa, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the west, Western Sahara to the north, Algeria to the northeast, Mali to the east and southeast, and Senegal to the southwest. With a population of approximately 4.4 million people and a vast territory of over one million square kilometers, it is one of the least densely populated countries in Africa. The capital, Nouakchott, is the largest city, serving as the political and economic hub of the nation.

Mauritania’s Economy: Growth, Challenges, and Key Sectors

Mauritania’s economy is based on a mix of traditional and modern sectors. While a large portion of the population is engaged in subsistence farming and livestock herding, the country’s main economic drivers include mining, fishing, and energy production. The government has also been making efforts to attract foreign investment and diversify the economy.

Key Economic Indicators (2023-2024)

The World Bank forecasts a growth rate of approximately 7.6% as 2025, attributing this surge to the commencement of gas production and exports, increased public investments, an improved external position, and sustained private demand.

Major Industries Driving Growth

1. Mining and Extractive Industries
   Mauritania is rich in mineral resources, particularly iron ore, which is the backbone of its economy. The country is among the top African producers of iron ore, with the Société Nationale Industrielle et Minière (SNIM) being the largest mining company. Other important minerals include gold, copper, and gypsum, with multinational companies investing in exploration and extraction. In recent years, oil and gas reserves have been discovered, particularly offshore in the Greater Tortue Ahmeyim (GTA) gas field shared with Senegal.
2. Fisheries
   The country’s long Atlantic coastline provides significant marine resources, making the fishing industry a key contributor to GDP and employment. Mauritania’s waters are rich in fish species, and the sector benefits from agreements with the European Union and other foreign companies. However, the industry faces challenges such as overfishing and limited local processing facilities.
3. Agriculture and Livestock
   Agriculture and livestock farming remain crucial for rural communities, although they contribute less to national GDP compared to mining and fishing. The main agricultural products include millet, sorghum, rice, and dates. Livestock farming, especially cattle, sheep, and camels, is an important economic activity, with some exports to neighboring countries. However, the sector is highly vulnerable to droughts and desertification.
4. Energy Sector
   The discovery of offshore gas reserves has opened new economic opportunities. The Greater Tortue Ahmeyim gas project, led by BP and Kosmos Energy, is expected to make Mauritania an important player in the energy market. The country also has significant potential for renewable energy, particularly solar and wind power, which could help reduce its reliance on imported fossil fuels.

Economic Challenges

Mauritania faces several structural and economic challenges, including:

• Poverty and Unemployment: Despite its natural resources, a significant portion of the population lives in poverty, with limited access to basic services. Youth unemployment remains a pressing issue.
• Economic Dependence on Commodities: The country’s economy is heavily reliant on mining and fishing exports, making it vulnerable to global price fluctuations.
• Climate and Environmental Issues: Frequent droughts, desertification, and water scarcity impact agriculture and livelihoods. Climate change poses additional risks to food security.
• Infrastructure Deficiencies: Limited transport networks, electricity shortages, and underdeveloped industrial infrastructure hinder economic growth and foreign investment.
• Governance and Corruption: While progress has been made in economic reforms, challenges related to governance and corruption continue to affect business confidence and investment.

Business Opportunities in Mauritania

Mauritania presents a range of business opportunities across multiple sectors, driven by its rich natural resources, strategic location, and government initiatives to attract foreign investment.

Natural Resource Extraction & Mining

Mauritania is rich in mineral resources, including:

• Iron Ore: The country is one of Africa’s largest producers of iron ore, with significant deposits in the Zouérat region.
• Gold: Companies like Kinross Gold operate in Mauritania, and there is potential for further exploration.
• Copper, Phosphate, and Uranium: These minerals remain underdeveloped, offering investment opportunities.
• Rare Earth Elements (REEs): Global demand for REEs is growing, and Mauritania’s geological potential remains largely untapped.

Key Opportunities:

• Investment in mining exploration and extraction.
• Provision of mining equipment and logistics services.
• Expansion of value-added industries such as ore processing and refining.

Oil & Gas Sector

• The Greater Tortue Ahmeyim (GTA) gas project, a joint effort between Mauritania and Senegal, is set to begin gas exports in 2024.
• Mauritania has vast offshore hydrocarbon reserves, attracting major companies like BP and Kosmos Energy.

Key Opportunities:

• Partnerships in upstream exploration and production.
• Development of natural gas infrastructure, including LNG facilities.
• Investment in petrochemical and energy processing industries.

Renewable Energy & Green Hydrogen

• Mauritania has vast solar and wind potential, with existing projects such as the Sheikh Zayed solar power plant and wind farms in Nouakchott.
• The government is actively seeking investments in utility-scale renewable energy projects.
• Mauritania is positioning itself as a global hub for green hydrogen production, leveraging its solar and wind resources.
• The AMAN and Nour projects, backed by international investors, aim to make Mauritania a leader in Africa’s green hydrogen economy.

Key Opportunities:

• Investment in solar and wind farms.
• Development of green hydrogen production and export infrastructure.
• Supply chain services for renewable energy projects.

Fisheries & Marine Industry

• Mauritania has one of Africa’s largest fishing zones, with a 750 km Atlantic coastline.
• The sector contributes over 10% of GDP and offers rich marine resources, including tuna, shrimp, and octopus.

Key Opportunities:

• Investment in fish processing and export facilities.
• Aquaculture development projects.
• Cold storage and logistics infrastructure.

Agriculture & Agribusiness

• Only 0.5% of Mauritania’s land is cultivated, meaning there is significant potential for agricultural expansion.
• Government programs promote irrigation farming in the Senegal River Valley.

Key Opportunities:

• Development of modern irrigation systems.
• Investment in agribusiness, including rice and vegetable farming.
• Expansion of the livestock and dairy industry.

Infrastructure & Construction

• The government is prioritizing infrastructure development, with projects in transport, energy, and urban development.
• Key projects include:
• Expansion of Nouakchott’s port and roads.
• New railways to connect mining regions to export hubs.
• Affordable housing projects to meet rising urban demand.

Key Opportunities:

• Public-private partnerships (PPPs) in road, rail, and port construction.
• Cement and construction material production.
• Smart city and real estate development.

Tourism

• Mauritania’s desert landscapes, historic towns, and coastal areas offer untapped tourism potential.
• The country has four UNESCO World Heritage sites, including Chinguetti and Ouadane.
• Eco-tourism and adventure tourism (desert safaris, cultural tours) are emerging sectors.

Key Opportunities:

• Investment in hotels and eco-lodges.
• Development of tourism services, including guided tours.
• Expansion of domestic and international airline routes.

Financial Services & Fintech

• Mauritania’s banking sector is growing, with increased demand for digital banking and mobile payment solutions.
• The Central Bank of Mauritania (BCM) is implementing policies to encourage financial inclusion.

Key Opportunities:

• Expansion of mobile banking and fintech solutions.
• Investment in insurance and microfinance services.
• Development of financial literacy programs.

ICT & Digital Economy

• Internet penetration is increasing, and the government is investing in digital infrastructure.
• The IT sector is underdeveloped, creating room for startups and tech-driven solutions.

Key Opportunities:

• Expansion of broadband internet and telecom services.
• Development of software and IT support businesses.
• Growth of e-commerce platforms and online services.

Manufacturing & Industrial Development

• Mauritania imports most consumer goods, creating opportunities for local manufacturing.
• The government offers incentives for industrial projects.

Key Opportunities:

• Food processing and packaging industries.
• Textile and garment manufacturing.
• Assembly plants for consumer electronics and machinery.

Mauritania is emerging as a key investment destination in Africa, with strong opportunities in energy, mining, agribusiness, and infrastructure. The government’s commitment to economic diversification and foreign investment makes the country an attractive choice for businesses looking to expand in West Africa.

Everyday Life in Mauritania: Culture, Food, and Traditions

Mauritania, a country bridging North and Sub-Saharan Africa, has a unique blend of Arab-Berber and African cultural influences. Daily life in Mauritania is shaped by its vast desert landscape, Islamic traditions, and nomadic heritage.

Daily Life in Mauritania

Daily life in Mauritania varies depending on location (urban vs. rural) and lifestyle (traditional vs. modern).

Urban Life:

• Major cities like Nouakchott (the capital) and Nouadhibou are bustling centers where people engage in trade, fishing, and government work.
• The streets of Nouakchott are filled with markets (souks), tea stalls, and small shops, where people gather to socialize and do business.
• Many Mauritanians work in commerce, administration, fishing, and small-scale industries, while a growing number are involved in modern businesses and technology.

Rural and Nomadic Life:

• Traditional nomadic life still exists, although it has declined due to urbanization. In the desert, nomads live in tents (Khaimas) and move with their camels, goats, and cattle in search of water and grazing land.
• Rural communities rely on livestock herding, fishing, and small-scale farming.
• Hospitality is a key aspect of daily life. Guests are always offered tea and food, and social interactions are highly valued.

Family & Social Structure:

• Families are highly respected, and extended families often live together or close by.
• Women’s role vary: in urban areas, many women work in education, healthcare, and business, while in traditional settings, they focus on household duties and crafts.
• Men often handle outdoor work, such as herding, fishing, and trading, while also engaging in social gatherings, often over tea.

Culture of Mauritania

Mauritania’s culture is deeply influenced by its Arab-Berber and West African heritage.

Traditional Clothing:

• Men wear a Daraa (or Boubou) – a flowing blue or white robe, often with golden embroidery.
• Women wear a Melfa – a long, colorful wrap worn over their clothes, which covers the body modestly.

Music & Dance:

• Mauritanian music blends Moorish, African, and Islamic influences.
• The Tidinit (a stringed instrument) and Ardin (a type of harp) are traditional instruments.
• Griot singers (traditional poets and musicians) play a major role in storytelling and history.

Festivals & Celebrations:

• Independence Day (November 28) – A national celebration with parades and cultural events.
• Guetna Festival – Celebrated during the date harvest season, where people enjoy food and festivities.
• Islamic Holidays (Eid al-Fitr & Eid al-Adha) – Families gather for prayers, feasting, and charity.

Sports & Leisure:

• Football (soccer) is the most popular sport, with local leagues and international participation.
• Camel racing and horse riding are traditional pastimes, especially in desert communities.
• Tea culture is a central part of social life – people spend hours drinking strong, sweet mint tea while discussing daily affairs.

Religion in Mauritania

Islam as a Way of Life:

• Islam is the official religion, with almost 100% of the population being Sunni Muslim (Maliki school of thought).
• Daily prayers (Salah), fasting during Ramadan, and Islamic customs influence every aspect of life.
• Friday is the holiest day, with people gathering in mosques for communal prayers.

Religious Practices & Customs:

• Mosques are central to community life, and call to prayer (Adhan) can be heard throughout the day.
• Ramadan is observed with fasting from sunrise to sunset, followed by Iftar (evening meal), which is often a communal event.
• Charity is widely practiced, with wealthier individuals helping the less fortunate.
• Marriage ceremonies include Islamic traditions, music, and large feasts.

Food in Mauritania

Mauritanian cuisine reflects the country’s desert climate, nomadic traditions, and coastal access. Meals often include grains, meat, fish, and dairy, with strong flavors influenced by North African and West African culinary traditions.

Staple Foods:

1. Couscous: A staple made from semolina wheat, often served with meat, vegetables, or sauce.
2. Thieboudienne (Chebujin): The national dish, consisting of rice, fish, vegetables, and tomato sauce.
3. Mechoui: Slow-roasted lamb, often eaten during celebrations.
4. Maru We-Tighde: A meat stew with sauce, sometimes served with rice or bread.
5. Zrig: A traditional drink made from fermented camel or goat milk, often consumed by nomadic communities.
6. Dates & Camel Milk: Common snacks, especially in desert areas.

Tea Culture:

• Mauritanian Tea (Ataya) is a national tradition and is served in three rounds:

1. Strong & bitter (first glass)
2. Mildly sweet (second glass)
3. Very sweet & foamy (third glass)

• The tea-making process is a social ritual, taking up to an hour and allowing people to talk and relax.

Food Customs:

• Eating is often a communal activity, with people sharing meals from a large bowl.
• Bread or hands (right hand only) are used instead of utensils in traditional settings.
• Hospitality is a key cultural value – guests are always served food, and refusing is seen as impolite.

A Country with a Rich Cultural Heritage

Mauritania is a country with a rich cultural heritage, deeply rooted Islamic traditions, and a unique way of life shaped by its desert environment and nomadic past. While urban areas are modernizing, many traditions remain strong, such as tea culture, traditional dress, and communal living. With its diverse cuisine, music, and religious customs, Mauritania offers a fascinating glimpse into a society where history and modernity coexist.

Cost of Living in Mauritania: Affordable or Expensive?

Mauritania offers a relatively affordable cost of living compared to many Western countries.

Housing:

Housing costs in Mauritania are significantly lower than in many other countries. For example, rent is, on average, 85.6% lower than in the United States.

• 1-Bedroom Apartment in Downtown Area: Approximately $224.43 per month.
• 1-Bedroom Apartment Outside City Center: Around $161.09 per month.
• Utilities for Two (700 sq ft Apartment): Estimated at $58.82 monthly.

Food:

Food expenses in Mauritania are generally affordable, especially when purchasing local products.

• Groceries: Monthly costs range from $200 to $400, depending on consumption habits.
• Dining Out: Local restaurants are relatively inexpensive, but international cuisine in upscale establishments, especially in Nouakchott, can be costly. Monthly dining expenses might range from $100 to $300.

Transportation:

Transportation costs are relatively low in Mauritania.

• Public Transport: A one-way ticket on local transport costs about 20 MRU.
• Monthly Pass: Approximately 700 MRU.
• Taxi Services:
  • Initial Fare: Around 35 MRU.
  • Per Mile: Approximately 16.09 MRU.
• Gasoline: The cost for one gallon is about 213.17 MRU.

Internet:

Internet services are available, with prices varying based on speed and provider.

• 50 Mbps or Faster, Cable/DSL: Approximately $58.82 per month.

Healthcare:

Healthcare costs in Mauritania can vary widely. Public healthcare is available but may not meet the standards some expatriates expect, leading many to seek private healthcare services, which can be more costly. Specific pricing information is limited and can vary based on the type of service and provider.

Education:

Education expenses depend on the type of institution. Public schools are generally free or low-cost, but private and international schools, preferred by many expatriates, can be expensive. Specific pricing information is limited and varies by institution.

Overall, a comfortable lifestyle in Mauritania can range from around $1,000 to $2,500 per month, depending on individual preferences and lifestyle choices.

Safety in Mauritania: Crime Rates, Travel Tips, and Security Measures

Mauritania is a country with a unique blend of desert landscapes, coastal cities, and a deep-rooted nomadic culture. While the country offers a rich cultural experience, travelers and residents must be aware of safety concerns, crime rates, and security measures.

Crime Rates in Mauritania

Mauritania generally has low levels of violent crime, but petty crimes and security risks exist, particularly in urban areas and remote regions.

Types of Crime:

Petty Crime (Moderate Risk):

• Pickpocketing and bag snatching might be common, especially in crowded markets, bus stations, and popular areas in Nouakchott and Nouadhibou.
• Tourists are sometimes targeted due to their perceived wealth.

Scams & Fraud (Moderate Risk):

• Taxi drivers may overcharge foreigners.

Carjackings & Armed Robbery (Low to Moderate Risk):

• In urban areas, incidents are rare, but travelers driving through remote areas may face risks.
• Criminals sometimes block roads to stop vehicles.

Terrorism & Extremist Activity (Moderate to High Risk in Remote Areas):

• Some regions in the north and eastern border areas (near Mali and Algeria) have seen extremist activity.
• The Mauritanian government actively combats terrorism, but the risk remains in unsecured desert regions.

Travel Safety Tips for Mauritania

Before Traveling:
✔ Check Travel Advisories: Many governments issue travel advisories for Mauritania, especially regarding remote areas.
✔ Register with Your Embassy: Foreign travelers should inform their embassy of their travel plans.
✔ Get Travel Insurance: Ensure your insurance covers medical emergencies and evacuation.

While in Mauritania:
✔ Avoid Unnecessary Travel at Night: Roads are poorly lit, and criminal activity increases after dark.
✔ Stay in Secure Accommodations: Choose hotels or guesthouses with good security.
✔ Use Reputable Transport Services: Avoid unlicensed taxis and shared rides with strangers.
✔ Dress Modestly: Respect local customs, as Mauritania is a conservative Islamic country.
✔ Carry Identification: Police may conduct random ID checks. Always carry a passport or a copy.
✔ Be Cautious in Public Spaces: Markets and transport hubs can be crowded and risky for pickpocketing.

For Business Travelers:
✔ Avoid Political Discussions: Politics is a sensitive topic; avoid making controversial statements.
✔ Confirm Business Legitimacy: Before engaging in deals, verify businesses through local chambers of commerce.

Security Measures in Mauritania:

Government & Law Enforcement:
✔ Police Presence: Mauritanian police and gendarmerie are present in cities but may have limited resources.
✔ Military Checkpoints: Security checkpoints are common, especially near borders and desert roads.
✔ Strict Laws: Mauritania enforces strict laws on alcohol, drugs, and public conduct.

Natural & Environmental Safety:
✔ Extreme Heat & Dehydration: Mauritania has a desert climate with high temperatures. Always stay hydrated.
✔ Sandstorms: Occasional dust storms can reduce visibility and affect breathing. Wearing protective glasses and masks is advisable.
✔ Poor Road Conditions: Roads outside cities are often unpaved and dangerous, especially during the rainy season.

Mauritania is generally safe for visitors who take precautions, especially in cities. While petty crime is the main risk, terrorism concerns exist in remote desert areas. Travelers should stay informed, avoid high-risk zones, and respect local customs to ensure a safe and enjoyable visit.

Tourism in Mauritania: A Guide to Must-See Places and Attractions

Mauritania, a country of vast deserts, rich history, and stunning coastal landscapes, offers a unique travel experience for those seeking adventure and cultural immersion. Although it remains an off-the-beaten-path destination, its breathtaking natural wonders, UNESCO-listed heritage sites, and traditional nomadic culture make it a hidden gem for explorers.

Must-See Places in Mauritania

1. Chinguetti – The Ancient Desert City

🏛 Why Visit?

• Chinguetti is one of the most historically significant cities in Mauritania, known for its centuries-old libraries, Islamic architecture, and stunning desert surroundings.
• Once a major stop on the trans-Saharan trade route, it is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
• Home to ancient Qur’anic manuscripts and mud-brick buildings that have stood for hundreds of years.

🗺 Top Attractions:
✔ The Ancient Libraries of Chinguetti – Home to rare Islamic manuscripts.
✔ Friday Mosque of Chinguetti – An iconic desert structure.
✔ Sand Dunes & Oasis Views – Perfect for desert treks.

2. Atar – Gateway to the Adrar Region

🏜 Why Visit?

• Atar is a lively desert town that serves as the entry point to some of Mauritania’s most dramatic landscapes.
• It has a bustling market and offers easy access to the Adrar Plateau, home to incredible rock formations and canyons.

🗺 Top Attractions:
✔ Marché d’Atar (Atar Market) – A great place to buy local handicrafts.
✔ Aïn Ehl Toueila Oasis – A beautiful green spot in the desert.
✔ Nearby Rock Formations – The area is rich in prehistoric rock carvings.

3. Ouadane – The Mysterious Desert Ruins

🏚 Why Visit?

• This UNESCO-listed ancient city, founded in the 12th century, is now mostly abandoned but retains its charm through its well-preserved ruins.
• It was an important caravan trading hub centuries ago.

🗺 Top Attractions:
✔ Ruins of Old Ouadane – Walk among the remnants of ancient stone houses.
✔ Ouadane Library – Another historic collection of rare manuscripts.
✔ The Eye of the Sahara (Richat Structure) – A mysterious natural geological formation, best seen from space but still worth a visit for its vastness.

4. Banc d’Arguin National Park – A Birdwatcher’s Paradise

🦩 Why Visit?

• This UNESCO World Heritage Site is one of Africa’s most important bird sanctuaries.
• It attracts flamingos, pelicans, and migratory birds from Europe.
• The park also offers pristine beaches and is home to traditional Imraguen fishing communities.

🗺 Top Attractions:
✔ Birdwatching in the Wetlands – Spot rare bird species.
✔ Fishing Villages – Experience traditional fishing techniques.
✔ Desert & Coastal Landscapes – Explore sand dunes meeting the Atlantic Ocean.

5. Nouakchott – The Modern Capital with a Coastal Vibe

🏙 Why Visit?

• Nouakchott is Mauritania’s capital and largest city, offering a mix of modern and traditional Mauritanian life.
• It has beautiful beaches, vibrant markets, and a growing arts scene.

🗺 Top Attractions:
✔ Port de Pêche (Fishing Port) – A bustling fish market with colorful boats.
✔ Plage de Nouakchott (Nouakchott Beach) – A scenic spot to relax by the ocean.
✔ Mosquée Saudique (Saudi Mosque) – A landmark with impressive Islamic architecture.

6. Terjit – The Hidden Oasis

🌴 Why Visit?

• Terjit is one of the most beautiful oases in Mauritania, located in a canyon near Atar.
• It features natural freshwater pools and palm trees, making it a perfect spot to escape the desert heat.

🗺 Top Attractions:
✔ Thermal Springs & Waterfalls – A refreshing break from the desert.
✔ Camping & Star Gazing – Ideal for nature lovers.
✔ Nearby Hiking Trails – Explore the surrounding canyons and cliffs.

7. Tidjikja – A Remote Desert Town

🏜 Why Visit?

• Tidjikja is one of Mauritania’s most isolated towns, known for its breathtaking desert landscapes and old Sahelian architecture.
• The town has an authentic, untouched atmosphere, making it great for adventurous travelers.

🗺 Top Attractions:
✔ Traditional Architecture – Admire the old-style houses.
✔ Surrounding Sand Dunes – Ideal for camel trekking.
✔ Local Markets – Experience the rural desert lifestyle.

Activities & Experiences in Mauritania

Desert Trekking & Camel Caravans:
🐪 Experience a true Saharan adventure by trekking through the dunes on a camel. Popular routes include:
✔ Chinguetti to Ouadane Caravan Route
✔ Adrar Plateau Desert Hikes

Stargazing in the Sahara:
✨ With minimal light pollution, Mauritania’s desert offers incredible stargazing opportunities. The best spots include:
✔ Terjit Oasis
✔ Adrar Region

Cultural Encounters with Nomadic Tribes:
🏕 Meet Mauritania’s nomadic people, learn about their traditions, and enjoy a cup of sweet mint tea in a desert camp.

Sandboarding & Off-Road Adventures:
🏂 Try sandboarding down the dunes or go off-roading in a 4×4 vehicle near:
✔ Erg Amatlich Dunes
✔ Adrar Region

Best Time to Visit Mauritania:
✔ November to March – The weather is cooler and more comfortable for desert exploration.
✔ Avoid June to August – The extreme heat can make travel difficult.