Chinese state-owned companies have significantly expanded their presence in Africa’s maritime sector, developing, financing, and operating 78 ports across 32 countries. West Africa hosts the highest concentration, with 35 ports, followed by East Africa (17), Southern Africa (15), and North Africa (11). With Africa home to 231 commercial ports, China’s involvement now covers over a quarter of the continent’s key maritime hubs.
Economic Benefits vs. Sovereignty Risks
Many African governments view Chinese investments as a pathway to modernize infrastructure, enhance trade efficiency, and stimulate economic growth. However, the extent of foreign control over critical assets has sparked concerns about national sovereignty. Chinese firms often manage key port operations, including pier assignments and access approvals, which, while streamlining trade, also raise questions about long-term dependency.
For instance, Nigeria’s Lekki Deep Sea Port, a major West African trade hub, was constructed by China Harbor Engineering Company (CHEC) with financing from the China Development Bank (CDB). CHEC holds a 54/percent stake and operates the port under a 16-year lease, leaving Nigeria reliant on foreign operators for its vital trade infrastructure. Similarly, in Djibouti, the Doraleh Port, initially a commercial facility, was transformed into China’s first overseas naval base in 2017, raising alarms about dual-use potential.
Military Implications of Chinese Port Expansion
The possibility of commercial ports being repurposed for military use has become a significant concern. The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) Navy has docked in several African ports, including Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire), Casablanca (Morocco), Maputo (Mozambique), and Durban (South Africa). Ports in Dar es Salaam (Tanzania) and Lagos (Nigeria) have even hosted Chinese military exercises, further fueling fears about China’s strategic intentions.
Africa’s Role in China’s Global Ambitions
China’s port investments in Africa align with its broader strategic goals under the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and its Five-Year Plans. Three major trade routes pass through Africa, targeting East Africa (Kenya and Tanzania), Egypt’s Suez region, and Tunisia. While these projects strengthen Africa’s trade ties with China, they also deepen economic dependence on Beijing. Additionally, China’s “military-civil fusion” policy means many ports are built to military standards, enabling dual-use capabilities that could support both trade and defense operations.
Rising Resistance and Calls for Sovereignty
While some African governments welcome Chinese investment, others are pushing back against foreign control over critical infrastructure. Countries like Kenya and Tanzania are reviewing port agreements to ensure local authority over strategic assets. Opposition to foreign military bases is also growing, with concerns that such facilities could entangle African nations in global power rivalries.
To maximize the benefits of port modernization while safeguarding sovereignty, African governments must negotiate fair agreements that prioritize national interests. Transparency, robust regulatory frameworks, and regional cooperation will be essential to maintaining economic independence and long-term security.