On September 28, 1995, the Comoros Islands experienced a dramatic and tumultuous event when a group of soldiers, led by French mercenary Bob Denard, seized power in a coup d’état. This incident marked a significant chapter in the islands’ complex political history, reflecting the interplay between local governance, foreign intervention, and the influence of mercenaries.
Background: A Legacy of Political Turmoil
The Comoros Islands, a former French colony located in the Indian Ocean, gained independence in 1975, but their post-independence journey has been fraught with political instability and economic challenges. With a population of around 550,000, the islands’ economy is predominantly agricultural, relying heavily on the export of crops such as vanilla, cloves, and ylang-ylang. Despite their natural beauty and potential for tourism, the islands have struggled with limited industrial capacity and scarce resources, which have left them heavily dependent on foreign aid.
In this volatile context, Denard emerged as a central figure in Comoran politics. Known for his military expertise and mercenary activities in various African nations, Denard had cultivated relationships with several Comoran leaders, using his skills to influence the political landscape.
The Seizure of Power: Operation Kaskari
Denard’s coup, referred to as Operation Kaskari, was not a spontaneous act but rather a calculated move amidst growing tensions on the islands. On that fateful day, he and 33 mercenaries launched a well-planned operation that resulted in the overthrow of President Said Mohamed Djohar. As Denard’s forces moved swiftly, they captured key government installations and solidified their control over the capital, Moroni.
Despite having advance warning of the impending coup, the French government remained passive. This decision raised questions about the level of complicity or oversight from French authorities. Once the coup was underway, however, the French government swiftly condemned Denard’s actions, acknowledging the potential repercussions for stability in the region.
French Government Response: Mobilizing Forces
In response to the coup, French President Jacques Chirac took decisive action. He ordered military planners to devise a counteroperation aimed at restoring order in the Comoros. The French military, already maintaining a presence in the Indian Ocean, began mobilizing intelligence units and special forces, including the elite GIGN (Groupe d’Intervention de la Gendarmerie Nationale).
Chirac’s administration recognized that allowing Denard’s coup to succeed could embolden further destabilization in the region, potentially affecting France’s geopolitical interests. Therefore, preparations for a military intervention were set in motion with urgency.
The Aftermath of the Coup: Operation Azalee
As Denard fortified his position by establishing a civilian government and creating a presidential guard composed of loyalists, the French military prepared for a counteroffensive. On October 3, 1995, France launched Operation Azalee, deploying over 1,000 soldiers to reclaim control of the islands. The operation commenced in the dead of night, with reconnaissance teams from Commandos Jaubert conducting preliminary scouting near critical locations, including Hahaya and Iconi airports.
Despite facing heavy machine gun fire from Denard’s forces, French troops utilized superior tactics and night-vision technology to secure key locations quickly. By dawn, they had established control over both airports, allowing for reinforcements to be flown in. This strategic advantage enabled French forces to launch further assaults on Denard’s positions, which were quickly overrun.
By October 5, Denard and his mercenaries had surrendered, marking a swift conclusion to the coup. The French military’s decisive action demonstrated not only their capability but also their commitment to maintaining stability in the region.