The conflict involving Rwanda-backed forces and the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) is often framed as a struggle for control over valuable minerals essential for global electronics. However, focusing only on “conflict minerals” might hide other factors driving the violence in this unstable region.
The Mineral Connection
The DRC and Rwanda together supply nearly half of the world’s coltan, a key metallic ore for making phones and laptops. According to United Nations experts, human rights organizations, and analysts, Rwanda smuggles large quantities of coltan, gold, and other metals from eastern DRC, selling them as its own. They allege that Rwanda supports the armed group M23, which re-emerged in eastern DRC in 2021 and controls many regional mines.
M23’s Mineral Monopoly
In April, M23 took control of Rubaya, which produces about 15% of the world’s coltan. UN experts estimate that M23 earns around $800,000 monthly from this trade. Recently, M23 captured the key transport hub of Goma near the Rwandan border, resulting in hundreds of deaths and moving into South Kivu province.
Accusations Against Tech Giants
Lawyer Robert Amsterdam, representing the Congolese government, filed a criminal case against Apple. He accused Western governments and companies of being responsible for the conflict. He claims the tech industry has funded Rwanda’s war crimes. Initially, Apple denied using minerals illegally exported from conflict zones. However, after the criminal case, Apple instructed suppliers to stop sourcing from the DRC and Rwanda. Apple later admitted it couldn’t verify the origins of the minerals. Despite these allegations, Apple firmly contested them and emphasized its commitment to responsible sourcing.
Rwanda’s Denials and Skepticism
Rwanda denies smuggling minerals from eastern DRC, but analysts remain skeptical. Guillaume de Brier from the International Peace Information Service argues that Rwanda’s coltan exports are unlikely given its reserves. This indicates the minerals likely come from DRC. He believes minerals are not the main driver of the M23 conflict, as smuggling occurs regardless of Rwanda’s military activity.
The Bigger Picture: Local Concerns and Leadership Rivalry
Local concerns, especially land ownership, play a major role in the conflict. The tension between Rwandan President Paul Kagame and DRC leader Felix Tshisekedi adds complexity to the situation.
M23 initially emerged to defend the marginalized Tutsi minority in Congo. Now, they attempt to dismantle traditional land management systems. The International Peace Information Service states that minerals are only part of M23’s funding. This includes revenue from roadblock levies, household taxes, forced agricultural labor, and timber and charcoal trafficking.
Western Responsibility
Amsterdam argues the West must acknowledge its role in fueling the unrest, describing it as a catastrophe caused by the tech industry. He hopes Apple’s decision to stop sourcing from the DRC and Rwanda will lead to industry-wide changes.
While the conflict is often framed around the control of valuable minerals, it is driven by various factors. These include local grievances, regional power dynamics, and economic interests. Addressing these issues requires a comprehensive approach beyond regulating mineral trade.