The role of women in African politics has undergone important transformation over the years, with increasing recognition of their significant contributions to leadership, governance, and the socio-economic development of the continent. From grassroots activism to high-level political office, women in Africa have been at the forefront of political change, despite facing numerous challenges rooted in historical, cultural, and institutional barriers.
Traditionally African politics widely dominated by men. However, this narrative has evolved, and today, women across the continent break these barriers and become influential political figures.
Many African women have long been involved in politics, often informally or indirectly. Women have played important roles in anti-colonial struggles, with key figures such as Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (Liberia) and Wangari Maathai (Kenya) leading important movements against colonial and oppressive regimes. Their contributions laid the foundation for future political participation.
Political Participation and Leadership
While women’s political participation in Africa has been increasing in recent years, it remains low by global standards. Women hold prominent positions in parliament, cabinet and local government, and some have reached the highest offices in the country.
Across Africa, women’s governance participation is increasing as well. In countries like Ethiopia, the election of women to significant positions—such as Meaza Ashenafi, who became the first female president of the Supreme Court in 2018—demonstrates a gradual shift toward gender inclusivity in the political arena.
African Women Politicians Who Made Difference
Ellen Johnson Sirleaf (Liberia): Widely regarded as a trailblazer, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf made history as Africa’s first elected female head of state in 2006. Serving as Liberia’s president until 2018, she championed women’s rights, economic recovery, and post-war reconstruction, earning a Nobel Peace Prize in 2011.
Wangari Maathai (Kenya): Though not a head of state, Wangari Maathai played a crucial role in Kenyan and global politics as an environmental and democracy advocate. As the founder of the Green Belt Movement, she was the first African woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize in 2004.
Joyce Banda (Malawi): Joyce Banda became Malawi’s first female president in 2012 following the sudden passing of President Bingu wa Mutharika. Her tenure focused on economic reform, women’s empowerment, and diplomatic relations.
Graça Machel (Mozambique): A key figure in Mozambique’s political and social development, Graça Machel served as the Minister of Education and Culture, advocating for literacy and gender equality. She is also the only woman to have been First Lady of two nations, Mozambique and South Africa.
Sahle-Work Zewde (Ethiopia): Elected as Ethiopia’s first female president in 2018, Sahle-Work Zewde has been a strong advocate for gender equality and social reforms. While the role of president in Ethiopia is largely ceremonial, she remains a powerful voice in African politics.
African Women in Power Today
Samia Suluhu Hassan (Tanzania): She became Tanzania’s first female president in March 2021, marking a significant progress in the country’s political history. Since taking office, she has prioritized gender equality, health sector reforms, and economic recovery. Her leadership has also focused on advancing infrastructure development to support Tanzania’s long-term growth and stability.
Netumbo Nandi-Ndaitwah (Namibia): She made history in 2024 as her country’s first female president, following a long and distinguished political career. Formerly serving as vice president, she has been voice of women’s rights and economic transformation. Her leadership is deeply rooted in Namibia’s liberation movements from the 1970s, culminating in her presidential victory with 57% of the vote.
Saara Kuugongelwa-Amadhila (Namibia): She has served as Namibia’s first female prime minister since March 2015, demonstrating strong leadership in economic development and gender inclusion. Throughout her tenure, she has spearheaded initiatives aimed at improving social welfare and fostering economic growth. Her policies have contributed to greater financial stability in Namibia, while also ensuring increased opportunities for women in politics and business.
Victoire Sidémého Dzidudu Dogbé Tomegah (Togo): She became Togo’s first female prime minister in September 2020, taking on the responsibility of modernizing the country’s infrastructure and economic systems. Under her leadership, Togo has seen significant improvements in development projects, with a focus on industrialization and job creation. Her administration prioritizes policies that promote sustainable growth while enhancing the country’s global economic standing.
Challanges on Women’s Political Engagement
Despite the advancement, African women still face significant barriers to political participation. Cultural and social norms, particularly in rural areas, still perpetuate traditional gender roles that place women in subservient positions.
Moreover, political systems in many African countries is still male-dominated, and women often lack the financial resources, networks, and support enough to make successful political campaigns. Political violence and intimidation also disproportionately affect female candidates, making it difficult for them to rise to power in competitive political environments.
Lack of access to education and vocational training further compounds the challenge as many women lack the skills and knowledge needed to navigate the complex political landscape.
Progress on Gender Equality, Future Outlook
Currently, a growing number of women’s rights organizations have emerged, advocating for greater gender equality in politics. Activists like Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie and Fatou Bensouda have raised awareness about the importance of empowering women to participate in all levels of governance, from local councils to national leadership.
Various international organizations, including the United Nations and the African Union, have also taken steps to promote gender equality in politics. The African Union’s Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa (Maputo Protocol) outlines measures to increase women’s political participation, such as encouraging member states to take positive action and create quotas for women in political offices.
Additionally, initiatives like the 50/50 campaign in countries like Uganda, which calls for equal gender representation in political leadership, are slowly transforming political landscapes and increasing women’s political voice.
The role of women in African politics continues to evolve as societal attitudes toward gender roles shift, education opportunities for women improve, and women widely gain political experience and visibility. The increasing presence of women in power is not just a testament to their strenght and resilience but a significant step toward creating more inclusive, diverse, effective governance structures.
However, true gender equality in African politics will require sustained efforts to address entrenched cultural norms, improve access to education and resources, and ensure that women have equal opportunities to participate in and lead political institutions. The empowerment of women in politics will be vital to the continent’s democratic development and socio-economic progress in the future.
By continuing to break down the barriers to female political participation, Africa can use the potential of its people fully and ensure a future where leadership is representative, inclusive, and transformative.